Extreme Mass-Ratio Inspirals

• 

An Elegant Pas de Deux, Setting Off Waves Ringing Out Across the Cosmos

The centers of most galaxies — even our own — are believed to contain supermassive Black Holes (Black Hole: A region of spacetime (Spacetime: A concept in physics which merges our usual notion of space with our usual notion of time.) where the warpage of both space and time (gravity) is so intense that nothing — even light — can ever escape. Objects may fall in to the Black Hole, but once they pass the Event Horizon (Event Horizon: A surface — like the one surrounding a Black Hole — enclosing a region of space from which nothing (even light) can ever escape.), they can never escape again. Most Black Holes believed to exist are thought to be formed in the collapse of very large stars, or the collision of stars or other Black Holes. )})|blackholes}), which contain millions of times as much mass as our Sun. Over the lifetime of such a Black Hole (Black Hole: A region of spacetime where the warpage of both space and time (gravity) is so intense that nothing — even light — can ever escape. Objects may fall in to the Black Hole, but once they pass the Event Horizon, they can never escape again. Most Black Holes believed to exist are thought to be formed in the collapse of very large stars, or the collision of stars or other Black Holes. ), lying right in the busiest part of a galaxy, it will consume millions upon millions of stars — that's how it forms. These stars will happen to pass too close to the Black Hole, and become trapped in its gravitational field. They will spin (Spin: An intrinsic property of particles. (That is, a property which does not change. Mass and electric charge are examples of intrinsic properties.) Spin is related to the usual notion of spin, though it is a little more difficult to understand. Spin comes in units of 1/2, so that a particle may have a spin of 0, 1/2, 1, 3/2, and so on. A particle's spin determines whether it is a Fermion or a Boson.) around and around, giving off gravitational waves (Gravitational Wave: A gravitational disturbance that travels through space like a wave. This type of wave is analogous to an Electromagnetic Wave. Gravitational waves are given off by most movements of anything with mass. Usually, however, they are quite difficult to detect. Physicists are currently working hard to directly detect gravitational waves. Experiments like LIGO and LISA are designed for this purpose. ), gradually spiraling in. This type of event gives us a particular type of compact binary (Compact Binary: A specific type of Binary system in which both members are compact (meaning they are White Dwarfs (White Dwarf: A type of star which is very old, having cooled off and stopped nuclear fusion reactions. A white dwarf is supported by "electron degeneracy pressure" (no two electrons can be in the same place at the same time). These are produced when a star is not heavy enough to turn into a Neutron Star or a Black Hole. )}), Neutron (Neutron: One of the particles in an atomic nucleus. These particles have no electric charge, but they hold together the protons (positive particles in a nucleus), and account for roughly half of the particles in the nucleus. Neutrons are fermions, and are believed to form the majority of the matter in a neutron star.) Stars (Neutron Star: A type of star which is very old, having cooled off and stopped nuclear fusion reactions. When gravity pulls the star down on itself, the electrons and protons are squeezed together, leaving just neutrons. The star is then supported against gravity by "neutron degeneracy pressure" (no two neutrons can be in the same place at the same time). These are produced when a star is too heavy to be a white dwarf (White Dwarf: A type of star which is very old, having cooled off and stopped nuclear fusion reactions. A white dwarf is supported by "electron degeneracy pressure" (no two electrons can be in the same place at the same time). These are produced when a star is not heavy enough to turn into a Neutron Star or a Black Hole. ), but not heavy enough to turn into a Black Hole. ), or Black Holes) and have roughly equal mass. )}), called an extreme mass-ratio inspiral (Inspiral: The gradually-shrinking orbit of a binary system. As the pair of stars in the binary orbit each other, they give off energy in the form of gravitational waves. This lost energy draws them closer in their orbit — eventually resulting in a Merger (Merger: The portion of the Inspiral of a binary system in which the individual objects are highly distorted, and their orbit is changing rapidly. This portion is not well-understood, and must be simulated using Numerical Relativity (Numerical Relativity: The branch of Relativity research which deals with simulating the development of Spacetime, using computers. This is believed to be the only possible way to understand things like the merger of two Black Holes.).).) (Extreme Mass-Ratio Inspiral: A particular type of binary in which there is a very large difference in the masses of the two objects. Generally, this will involve a super-massive Black Hole with a mass millions of times that of our Sun, and a Neutron Star (Neutron Star: A type of star which is very old, having cooled off and stopped nuclear fusion reactions. When gravity pulls the star down on itself, the electrons and protons are squeezed together, leaving just neutrons. The star is then supported against gravity by "neutron degeneracy pressure" (no two neutrons can be in the same place at the same time). These are produced when a star is too heavy to be a white dwarf, but not heavy enough to turn into a Black Hole. ) or Black Hole with a mass roughly the same as our Sun.) (or EMRI (EMRI: Extreme Mass-Ratio Inspiral — A particular type of binary in which there is a very large difference in the masses of the two objects. Generally, this will involve a super-massive Black Hole with a mass millions of times that of our Sun, and a Neutron Star or Black Hole with a mass roughly the same as our Sun. )})).

The beauty of an EMRI lies in its simplicity. The central black hole is so massive that it will be almost entirely unaffected by the smaller star. In a binary where the stars have nearly equal mass, on the other hand, both will be distorted in weird — and hard to calculate — ways. For an EMRI, however, the smaller star just doesn't have the pull to effect the larger one. Astrophysicists believe that they understand a lone black hole quite well. Observing an EMRI will give them a chance to test that understanding, as the gravitational waves given off by the smaller star map out spacetime near the larger one. What's more, the inspiral will take much longer than a regular compact binary inspiral, giving them more data to use for their tests.